DaTa tAk sEgErAk

• boleh mengelakkan masalah timing dgn tidak menghantar arus bit berterusan tanpa henti
• data yang dihantar ialah 1 character setiap masa.1 character =5-8 bit
• penerima boleh meyegerak pada permulaan setiap character
• permulaan character iaitu bit mula ialah 0
• kebaikan data tak segerak mudah dan murah

DaTa sEgErAk

• sejenis penghantaran data yang berterusan tanpa bit start dan stop
• saiz blok data boleh mengandungi banyak bit
• untuk mengelakkan perbezaan timing antara penghantar dan penerima, perlu penyegerakkan jam
• penghantaran segerak memerlukan tahap kesegerakkan yang berbeza supaya penerima mengetahui tentang mula dan berakhirnya sutu blok data
• blok data dimulakan dgn turutan bit preamble,diakhiri dgn turutan bit postamble
• penghantaran data segerak lebih efisyen untuk data besar

MeSh tOpOlOgY

Mesh Network is a network where all the nodes are connected to each other and is a complete network.In a Mesh Network every node is connected to other nodes on the network through hops.Some are connected through single hops and some may be connected with more than one hope.While the data is travelling on the Mesh Network it is automatically configured to reach the destination by taking the shortest route which means the least number of hops.Data travels by hopping from one node to another and then reaches the destination node in a Mesh Topology Network.
An example of a Mesh Network is the Mobile Adhoc Network or MANet.The entire Mesh Network is continuously connected.Being completely connected does not mean that Mesh Network is dependant on each and every node of the network.Even if one node fails in the Mesh Network the network finds an alternate route to transfer the data.It is called the self healing technology where it receives data one way or the other.The Mesh Network is based on a very sensible concept and has lesser chances of a network breakdown.There are so many possible combinations of routes and hops a data transfer can take that it will reach the destination one way or the other.It is highly unlikely that all the nodes in a single Mesh Network will break down at any given point of time.

WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS

Wireless Mesh Network will work based on the radio frequencies and was originally developed by the army to be able to communicate.The reliability factors is high in any kind of Mesh Network.There are three types of wireless Mesh Topologies.

• Fixed Wireless Connections
• Peer to Peer or Adhoc Networks
• Node to Node

FIXED MESH NETWORK
the fixed Mesh Networks will work only in the specified location and they are not mobile networks.They are meant to be used in a limited surrounding with boundaries.The location of nodes in affixed Mesh Network is all pre determined and they are not interchangeable.The fixed Mesh Network does not work on line of sight like the other types of Mesh Network.The total number of hops in a fixed Mesh Network is usually fixed and also short.There may not be many nodes as this kind of Mesh Networks exist within an office or building.More often than not the data travels on a specific direction
PEER TO PEER MOBILE NETWORKS
in a peer to peer mobile network the individual devices connect to each other using the Mesh Network.The peer does not require connecting to the main node and they can still communicate from one device to another device by taking the shortest possible data transfer route.However many experts believe that in peer to peer Mesh Networks the problems with scalability in terms of time taken for data transfer is questionable.The device has to know to transmit the data in the most optimal path and the entire data transfer or depends on this single factor.If the device is incapable then the whole purpose of using it in a peer to peer connection is lost
NODE-TO-NODE NETWORK
a Node-To-Node network is a combination of fixed Mesh Network and the mobile Mesh Network.In the node to node network a network cloud is introduced and all the nodes are configured to use the network cloud to connect to each other.So this feature makes it mobile and also the network is fixed because all the nodes of the same network connect to one single network cloud

tReE ToPoLOgY

a tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies.It consists of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

ADVANTAGES OF A TREE TOPOLOGY

• point to point writing for individual segments
• supported by several hardware and software venders

DISADVANTAGES OF A TREE TOPOLOGY

• overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used
• if the backbone line breaks,the entire segment goes down
• more difficult to configure and wire than other topologies

C2C

consumer to consumer(C2C) is electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party.A common example is the online auction,in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it;the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission.The sites are only intermediaries,just there to match consumers.They do not have to check quality of the products being offered.
the examples of C2C is eBay and Amazon.com.This type of e-commerce is expected to increase in the future because it cuts out the costs of using another company.An example on how it could change in the future from Management Information Systems,if you are driving around in a car,someone having a garage sale can transmit to your GPS advertising their garage sale.This will reach a larger population than just signs.
C2C are becoming more popular amongst students in universities because these are large communities in the same geographical region that are low on money.So they are looking for deals very often and these kinds of websites offer this.Universities themselves set up places for students to sell textbooks and other stuff to other students.

C2B

consumer to business(C2B) is an electronic commerce business model in which consumers(individuals) offer products and services to companies and the companies pay them.This business model is a complete reversal of traditional business model where companies offer goods and services to consumers(business to consumer=B2C)

this kind of economic relationship is qualified as an inverted business type.The advent of the C2B scheme is due to major changes-:

• connecting a large group of people to a bidirectional network has made this sort of commercial relationship possible.The large traditional media outlets are one direction relationship whereas the internet is bidirectional one
• decreased cost of technology:individuals now have access to technologies that were once only available to large companies(digital printing and acquisition technology,high performance computer,powerful software)

B2B..

business to business(B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses,such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler,or between a wholesaler and a retailer.The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transaction involving subcomponent or raw materials,and only one B2C transaction,specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer.For example,an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires,and rubber hoses for its vehicles.The final transaction,a finished vehicle sold to consumer,is a single (B2C) transaction.




B2B web site can be sorted into:

• COMPANY WEB SITES,since the target audience for many company Web sites is other companies and their employees.Company sites can be thought of as round-the-clock-mini-trade exhibits.Sometimes a company Web site serves as the entrance to an exclusive extranet available only to costumers or registered site users.Some company Web sites sell directly from the site,effectively e-tailing to other businesses
• PRODUCT SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT EXCHANGES,where a company purchasing agent can shop for supplies from vendors,request proposals,and,in some cases,bid to make a purchase at a desired price.Sometimes referred to as e-procurement sites,some serve a range of industries and others focus on a niche market
• SPECIALIZED OR VERTICAL INDUSTRY PORTALS,which provide a "subWeb" of information,product listings,discussion groups,and other features.These vertical portal sites have a broader purpose than the procurement sites(although they may also support buying and selling)
• BROKERING SITES,act as an intermediary between someone wanting a product or service and potential providers.Equipment leasing is an example
• INFORMATION SITES(sometimes known as infomediary),which provide information about a particular industry for its companies and their employees.These include specialized search sites and trade and industry standards organization sites

many B2B sites may seem to fall into more than one of these groups.Models for B2B sites are still evolving.Another type of B2B enterprise is software for building B2B Web sites,including site building tools and templates,database,and methodologies as well as transaction software.B2B is e-commerce between businesses.An earlier and much more limited kind of online B2B prior to internet was Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),which is still widely used

MiNgGu yAnG AgAk bLuR...

ermm..dsebabkan aku dah miss class yang lepas,aku agak blur ckit aa ngan ape yg dajar minggu ni..aku pun x bp pokes sgt ms cik azura ajar..mgkn sebab aku dah miss topic yang lepas,so aku agak blur ckit aa..mnggu ni ktorg blaja psl komunikasi data..komunikasi data ni 1 proses perpindahan atau penghantaran data yg dah diproses oleh komputer yg akan dihantar ke komputer lain melalui media komunikasi yang tertentu..byk lg aa yang ade dlm topik ni cam modem,bluetooth,Wi-Fi,topologi n etc..agak laju aa cik azura ngajar mlm 2..pas aje cik azura abis ngajar,die wat kuiz..aku dpt tau psk kuiz ni pun last minute..mmg aku x sempat study sgt aa..jadual aku ari rabu pun mmg padat..byk class n tutorial..ms jwb 2 pun byk gak aa yg aku x tau jwb..hehe..tp mmg slh aku sniri aa coz x study ape yg aku dh blaja awl2..mnggu ni gak cik azura collect file ktorg utk dsemak..pas 2 ktorg kne cr n post psl topologi pokok n mesh topology..aku pun br dpt tau dr mira yg ktorg kne post psl B2B,C2B ngan C2C..byk gak aa yg aku nak kne post kan dlm blog kali ni..arap2 aku dpt abiskan wat post ni cpt coz de esaimen nak kne siapkan n antar sblm cuti raya ni...

difference between PC and Mac Apple

WHAT IS PC AND MAC..?
PC stands for Personal Computer and refers to any IBM-compatible computer that is used by an individual in his home.A PC may either be a desktop computer,a laptop or tablet machine.A computer that is IBM-compatible means that its architecture is based on the IBM microprocessor.A number of different operating systems are compatible with PCs,the most popular which is Microsoft Windows.Some other are the unix variants,such as Linux,FreeBSD and Solaris.
Mac is short for Macintosh and refers to any computer produced by Apple Computer.Macs are traditionally classified separately from PCs because they are based on the PowerPC architecture from Apple/IBM/Motorola instead of the traditional Intel based microprocessors that have powered PCs for decades.Mac is running a version of the Mac operating system.The differences between PCS and Macs range from the physical computer itself(the mouse and keyboard) to the way programs are run and files are organized.

MOUSE AND KEYBOARD
One major difference between PCs and Macs is that Macs have only one mouse button(instead of two on PCs).We can still "right click" using a Mac,but we must hold down the 'ctrl' button on the keyboard before clicking with the mouse button.
Additionally,Macs have an Apple/Command key,which is used for keyboard shortcuts,such as copy and paste or opening a new Internet browser window.Even though a Mac keyboard has a control key,it's used in different ways.The Apple/Command key is basically the equivalent of a Control key on a PC keyboard

FILE ORGANIZATION
A major difference between PCs and Macs is that a Mac does not have a 'Start' menu or button.In order to locate a file or open a program,the user opens the :Finder" window by clicking the blue face icon at the bottom of desktop or the disk drive(usually named Macintosh HD),located on the desktop.

ACCESSING OPEN PROGRAMS
Instead of a bar running along the bottom of the screen with all open windows and programs like a PC,a Mac has a Dock.This allow icons for different programs and files to be drug from their prospective folder to allow a shortcut to open them faster.

CLOSING PROGRAMS
When use Windows,in order to close program,a user simply clicks the red X at the corner of the program window.However,for Macs,this is not the case.When the red X on a Mac program box is clicked,that window closes but the program does not.It is still open and running,even though there are no documents or windows open.In order to close a program completely,a user must click on the program name on the top status window(it must be active to do this) and then click Quit or use the shortcut Apple+Q.

MACS AND PC'S OPERATE AND WORK DIFFERENTLY
RISC:Reduced Instruction Set Computers
CISC:Complex Instruction Set Computers

Mac-RISC
PC-CISC+RISC

RISC:-
*It reduces the flexibility but increased the simplicity of the processor
*Instruction size is fixed
*Complexity in processor design
*Limited no. of instruction
*more degree of pipelining
*Uses hard wired control unit which is implemented using hardware is so rigid also debugging such a circuit is difficult,however since there is no software it is faster


CISC
*Memory Based instruction
*Advanced addressing modes
*lesser degree of pipelining
*Large no. of instruction
*Microprogrammed control unit which is more flexible as compared to the hardwired control unit as changes do not require hardware to be changed and it is more software based

Mac uses Mac OS.The Mac OS can be divided into two families of operating systems:
*"Classic" Mac OS-the system which shipped with the first Macintosh in 1984 and its descendants,culminating with Mac OS 9.
*The newer Mac OS X(the "X" refers to the Roman numeral,ten).Mac OS X incorporates elements of OpenStep(thus also BSD Unix and Mach) and Mac OS 9.Its low-level BSD-based foundation,Darwin,is free software/open source software.BSD(Berkeley Software Distribution) is one of several branches of Unix operating systems.BSD was widely identified with the versions of Unix available for workstation-class systems.

PC is generally based on the CISC processor which mean it is more software oriented and more flexible and is why so many different hardware designers come up with so many different types of hardware.PC can run both Windows and Linux without hiccups(the choice is urs)

THE HARDWARE
The Processor:the processor is the core chip that executes commands and handles computations.Processors go by other names,too,including microprocessor,CPU(central processing unit) and sometimes just "the chip".Both Macs and Windows PCs run Intel processors,with two critical differences:
*Macs offer only mainstream Core 2 and high-end Xeon processors,and only those running at speeds of 2.4GHz to 3.2GHz
*Windows-based PCs offer a much wider variety of processors,including:
~the same Intel chips that Apple uses,but at speeds ranging from 1.06GHz to 3.2GHz
~Intel CPUs that Apple doesn't offer,such as Pentium and Celeron chips,which cost less,netting you a lower-cost PC
~CPUs from Intel competitor AMD,which are compatible with the Intel chips but cost less,also resulting in a lower-cost PC

RILEK

RILEK is the revolutionary way to perform all our e-government service:
*JABATAN PENGANGKUTAN JALAN(JPJ)
*POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA(PDRM)
*TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD(TMB)
*TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD(TNB)
They provide easy transactios electronically via various delivery channel.RILEK offer JPJ Driving Licences services,summons payments and inquiries on Kejara points,electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills.We can go online and complete our billing payments and inquiries in instant,comfortably from anywhere.

STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY
RILEK represent reliability,simplicity,and security.RILEK is equipped with high-end multimedia facilities and system support to accomodate heavy traffic flow.It is capable of processing information at an efficient and high-speed rate.RILEK promotes a hassle-free and innovative lifestyle that is designed to eliminated queues and frustration.RILEK combines advanced technology and human proficiency to enhance our lifestyle.

FUTURE PLAN
RILEK envisions expanding their services to other government agencies soon.In the near future,we will be able to utilize the Government Multi Purpose Card(GMPC) and ATM cards to complete our payment transactions

MyEG

MyEG Service Berhad is a concessionaire for the Malaysian E-Government MSC Flagship Application.Their role is as a Service Provider for the E-Service component essentially provides the electronic link between the Government and citizens/bussinesses.Through their portal,they offer Malaysian public a single point of contact between the Government and the people it serves.This portal enables Malaysians to dynamically interact with numerous agencies within the Federal,State and the Local Government machineryproviding services ranging from information searches to licence application.MyEG has set up E-Service Centres located throughout the country to complement their online presence.
There are few other services currently being offered at MyEG website..:
PDRM~traffic summons checking and payment services
JPJ~JPJ summons checking and payment services & JPJ online road tax renewal
JIM~bankruptcy and liquidation status enquiries
DBKL~assessment and compound checking
CDL RENEWAL~license slip renewal service

1st ClAsS

ermm..sbenanye dah lama 1st class scct ni..tp dsebabkan kemalasan n ssh nak online(kne g cafe yg slalu penuh 2),so br skang aa dpt wat 2nd post..ermm..start aje class trus de assignment..agak byk aa assignmentnye..campur ngan assignment subjek lain,memang pening n tension giler aa..dah aa br 1st time wat2 assignment ni.. 1st assignment kitaorg kne cari n summarize 1 jurnal ttg teknologi komunikasi..mula2 lega gak aa coz dalam bm je kan..alih2 Cik Azura suh wat dalam bi..mau pengsan dgr 2..nasib aa kne wat 2-5 m/s je..nasib gak roomate sy yg agak comey(comey ke??..hehe..),pja sm cos ngan sy..dpt gak aa bincang2 camne nak wat jurnal ni ngan die..2nd assignment plak ktorg kne wat kajian pendek sniri ttg pmbangunan dlm rangkaian komunikasi n komputer..klau rangkaian telefon mudah alih ni cam PDA n 3G..klau internet plak VOID n blog..n klau komunikasi plak cam WIMAX,WLAN,etc...ktorg kne gtau aa ciri2 n servis mende2 2..3rd assignment ktorg group assignment..nasib aa dpt 1 group ngan pja..sng ckit nak wat keje nnti..ktorg kne plh 1 produk tekno komunikasi n wat kritikan psl produk 2..kne gak kaji kekuatan n kelemahan produk 2..
pas je gtau psl assignment,Cik Azura ajar ktorg psl sistem komunikasi..x tau plak slama ni yg komunikasi ade model2 yg tersendiri..ktorg blaja 3 jenis model;1.model Laswell,2.model Shanon & Weaver n 3.model Berlo.pas 2 ktorg de blaja gak psl teknologi n cari kelebihan n kekurangan media cetak..byk gak aa mende br yg dpt tau n blaja rini..thankz 2 Cik Azura..('',)

AhLi2 KuMpUlAn sAyA..

Cik Azura suruh kitaorg wat group..kitaorg ada 6 group kot..saya group ke 3..mula2 risau gak aa nak wat group sebab saya x kenal sangat student2 dalam class 2..ye aa,x pernah sembang2 pun ngan dorg,tiba2 kne jadi 1 group..tapi bila dah duduk dalam group,rasa ok sikit..ahli2 group saya x de aa cam sombong ke..dorg mesra alam gak aa..Cik Azura suruh tanya nama,hobi,warna fav,tempat suka pergi n cita2..mula2,saya panggil oitt2 cam 2 je kat dorg..sebab x tau nama dorg lagik kan..nasib dorg x kisah saya panggil oitt je kat dorg..hehe..so,lastly dapat gak tau sikit2 pasal dorg,walaupun dalam masa yg singkat..1st assignment kitaorg Cik Azura suruh wat blog..mula2 rasa cam 'alamak,dah aa x pernah wat blog,x tau sangat camne nak wat'..tapi bila dah tau camne,rasanye agak senang aa nak wat blog ni..kena menaip je kan..1st post kitaorg pasal ahli2 group..nasib aa saya dapat semua maklumat pasal dorg..semua ahli group saya ada 13 org(termasuk saya aa)..kat bawah ni de aa maklumat pasal dorg..

NAMA:sarah
HOBI:membaca
WARNA:pink
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:rumah
CITA2:wartawan

NAMA:ajad
HOBI:membaca
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:langkawi
CITA2:wartawan

NAMA:kanagamalar
HOBI:dengar mp3
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:rumah
CITA2:wartawan

NAMA:epi
HOBI:membaca/tidur
WARNA:hitam
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:masjid
CITA2:cikgu

NAMA:mira
HOBI:membaca
WARNA:pink
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:taman
CITA2:cikgu

NAMA:kanavashini
HOBI:baca buku
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:danga bay
CITA2:cikgu

NAMA:akma
HOBI:dengar lagu
WARNA:putih
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:klcc
CITA2:cikgu


NAMA:ucop
HOBI:menyanyi
WARNA:hitam
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:panggung wayang
CITA2:pelakon

NAMA:hajar
HOBI:dengar radio
WARNA:coklat
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:thailand
CITA2:pengacara

NAMA:arun
HOBI:dengar lagu
WARNA:biru & putih
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:cameron highlands
CITA2:bekerja di bahagian media

NAMA:hong ping
HOBI:dengar lagu
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:genting highlands
CITA2:pakar nutrisi

NAMA:parvati
HOBI:surf internet
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:klcc
CITA2:akauntan

NAMA:mohd. haziq
HOBI:main game
WARNA:biru
TEMPAT SUKA PERGI:danga bay
CITA2:polis